help pls by a.a. and r.d.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f77SKdyn-1Y ) I request that you put this on in the background, fits the theme and the silence is unbearable.
Littoral Zone/Ecosystem
- Location
The location differs but the Littoral Zone is any part of the sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. In coastal enviroments the Littoral Zone extends from the high water mark. For those of you who don't know, high water mark means the maximum rise of a body of water, this often occurs in a flood. Said high water mark is rarely inundated(meaning flooded) to the shorelines that are permanently submerged. In oceanogarpy and marine biology the idea of the Littoral Zone extends roughly to the edge of the continental shelf, a portion of a continent submerged in shallow water. It starts from the shoreline and just about begins at the high water mark. From here it moves to the intertidal region between high and low water mark then goes all the way to the continental shelf. There are many other different zones but I'm sticking to the basics.
The location differs but the Littoral Zone is any part of the sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. In coastal enviroments the Littoral Zone extends from the high water mark. For those of you who don't know, high water mark means the maximum rise of a body of water, this often occurs in a flood. Said high water mark is rarely inundated(meaning flooded) to the shorelines that are permanently submerged. In oceanogarpy and marine biology the idea of the Littoral Zone extends roughly to the edge of the continental shelf, a portion of a continent submerged in shallow water. It starts from the shoreline and just about begins at the high water mark. From here it moves to the intertidal region between high and low water mark then goes all the way to the continental shelf. There are many other different zones but I'm sticking to the basics.
- Climate
The climate of the Littoral Zone is extremely variable, it mostly depends on the time of day and the status of the tide. It's common for the temperature to rise to 68℉(20℃) in a span of six hours. These type of flunctuations means that the animals living in the zone have to adapt to the extreme fluncuations in the climate. This fluncuation causes a physiological stressor on the different species that reside in the zone. Take for instance, Cassostrea gigas, a species of Pacific oyster that must adapt to the major fluncuation in weather and while stress plays a role in it being able to survive the metabolic rate is heavily influenced by the temperature, the same goes for it's ability to reproduce. Since the temperature greatly effects the stress of an organism concern has been increasing seeing as global warming is a thing. Talking about organisms that leads us to our next topic of discussion.
Plants/Vegetation
As expected, every ecosystem has vegetation. Here we'll take a look at the different plants that inhabitat the intertidal zone.
Sea Palm
Sea palm or, Postelsia palmaeformis, is a species of kelp and classified as brown algae. It's found along the coasts of western North America on rocky shores with constant waves. It's one of the few algae that can survive and stay erect when out of water, mostly because it spends most of its life exposed to air. It is also edible but harvesting it is discouraged because of the species vulnerability to overharvesting. Sea palms survive by changing there posture
Feather Boa Kelp
The feather boa kelp, or Egregia menziesii, is native to the coasts of western North America. It is dark brown in color and bumpy in texture and may reach 16 feet in length. It bears long, flat, straplike, fronds lined with small blades each a few centimeters. Its strap like shape is a adaptation for accommodating its unpredictable distribution of tensions along the plants stipe and for reducing drag.
Oar Weed
Laminaria digitata is a large brown alga found in the sublittoral zone of the Atlantic Ocean. The Oar weed is a tough, leathery, dark brown seaweed that grows up to be 6 feet in length. It is harvested in France and in Morocco for use in manufacturing alginic acid.
The stipe is very flexible allowing it to bend over during low tides and stop the fronds from drying out, this allows it to survive harsh conditions such as storms and other such things.
Giant Kelp
Macrocystis pyrifera is a species of kelp that is common along the coast of the eastern Pacific Ocean, to Baja California north to Southeast Alaska. It's also found in South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Individual algae can grow up to 150 feet in length at the rate of 2 ft. per day. Giant kelp grows horizontally after it reaches the surface to spread and create more surface area for photosynthesis.
Sea Palm
Sea palm or, Postelsia palmaeformis, is a species of kelp and classified as brown algae. It's found along the coasts of western North America on rocky shores with constant waves. It's one of the few algae that can survive and stay erect when out of water, mostly because it spends most of its life exposed to air. It is also edible but harvesting it is discouraged because of the species vulnerability to overharvesting. Sea palms survive by changing there posture
Feather Boa Kelp
The feather boa kelp, or Egregia menziesii, is native to the coasts of western North America. It is dark brown in color and bumpy in texture and may reach 16 feet in length. It bears long, flat, straplike, fronds lined with small blades each a few centimeters. Its strap like shape is a adaptation for accommodating its unpredictable distribution of tensions along the plants stipe and for reducing drag.
Oar Weed
Laminaria digitata is a large brown alga found in the sublittoral zone of the Atlantic Ocean. The Oar weed is a tough, leathery, dark brown seaweed that grows up to be 6 feet in length. It is harvested in France and in Morocco for use in manufacturing alginic acid.
The stipe is very flexible allowing it to bend over during low tides and stop the fronds from drying out, this allows it to survive harsh conditions such as storms and other such things.
Giant Kelp
Macrocystis pyrifera is a species of kelp that is common along the coast of the eastern Pacific Ocean, to Baja California north to Southeast Alaska. It's also found in South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. Individual algae can grow up to 150 feet in length at the rate of 2 ft. per day. Giant kelp grows horizontally after it reaches the surface to spread and create more surface area for photosynthesis.
Grass
Animals
Animals
Starfish
Starfish are marine invertebrates which means that they have a center and five arms though some species have more than that. Many species are brightly colored in various shades of red and orange but other species have blue, grey, or brown coloring. They are opportunistic feeders and are mostly predators. They have complex life cycles in which they can reproduce sexually and asexually. They split off or if one of their many limbs is ripped or shed off said limb can regenerate and make another starfish. Most can regenerate arms and they can shed said arms as a means of defense.
Whelks
Whelk is the name given to various sea snails. Whelks are relatively large and are part of the true whelk family. They were used and still used for consumption. They used Whelks to make bright red dye that improves in color the older it gets. Whelks are mostly carnivorous, feeding on worms, crustaceans, mussels, and other molluscs.
Black Bass
Black bass, or Micropterus salmoides live in North America, Canada and Mexico. All types of black bass are highly-sought after game fish and bass fishing is an extremely popular sport throughout the Bass' native range. These fish are well known as strong fighters and their meat is quite firm.
Sea Anemone
Sea anemone are a group of predatory, marine animals. Sea Anemones are related to coral, jellyfish, tube dwelling anemones, and hydra. Sea anemones are typically only one group attached to a rock but you can find some floating near the surface of the water. Sea anemones can reproduce asexually by breaking off a piece of itself and letting it attach to a rock. The sea anemone has adapted to it's enviroments and their fishy neighbors. They have an special adaptation that works as an defense mechanism. Fish stick to the anemone once they actually swim into the anemone. Once stuck the 'tentacles', there are microscopic barbs that shoot poison into the fish, immobilize the fish in the process. This also acts as a deterrent from other fish.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPwi2QcLKao The anemone splitting/reproducing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNhORnwcQcU Anemone defense
European Green Crab
The common sea crab or the European Green Crab is a shoreline species of crab native to the northeast area of the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea but has colonized habitats in Australia, South Africa, and South America. It's ranked among the 100 most harmful invasive species. It's shell grows to about 90 mm in diameter and feeds on various mollusks, worms, and small crustaceans. This species typically has a dark green color to it's shell, hence the name. The shell of a typical European Green Crab is wider than long and it's apendages is adapted to the form of tweezers.
Reproduction
Females molt once a year, usually during the summer. During this time the crab is very vulnerable until it's new shell hardens, and the male green crab guards the female by pairing with her in "pre-molt cradling", defending the female from predators and other males. A few months after mating, the female's egg sac appears. The female carries this egg sac for several months, then the eggs hatch into free-swimming larvae, which stay in the water column for 17-80 days before settling to the bottom.
Black Bass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPwi2QcLKao The anemone splitting/reproducing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNhORnwcQcU Anemone defense
European Green Crab
The common sea crab or the European Green Crab is a shoreline species of crab native to the northeast area of the Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea but has colonized habitats in Australia, South Africa, and South America. It's ranked among the 100 most harmful invasive species. It's shell grows to about 90 mm in diameter and feeds on various mollusks, worms, and small crustaceans. This species typically has a dark green color to it's shell, hence the name. The shell of a typical European Green Crab is wider than long and it's apendages is adapted to the form of tweezers.
Reproduction
Females molt once a year, usually during the summer. During this time the crab is very vulnerable until it's new shell hardens, and the male green crab guards the female by pairing with her in "pre-molt cradling", defending the female from predators and other males. A few months after mating, the female's egg sac appears. The female carries this egg sac for several months, then the eggs hatch into free-swimming larvae, which stay in the water column for 17-80 days before settling to the bottom.
Japanese Puffer fish
The majority of puffer fish are toxic, and are among the most toxic vertebrates in the world. The male puffer fish spends 24 hours a day, for almost a week, working hard to create a symmetrical pattern in the sand to attract the females. It's usually 2 m in diameter and if the female is content she'll lay her eggs in the center. After that, the male comes around and fertilizes the eggs externally. The female vanishes and the male stays for six days, guarding the eggs. One thing that the puffer fish is is known for is it's ability to inflate itself, hence the name, puffer fish. It's quite a simple defense mechanism, it inflates itself into double it's size so it is harder to consume, and it has spines making it less...appetizing to the predator.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQr8xDk_UaY
Stingray
Male stingrays impregnate the female stingray by internal fertilization. The male has a modified pelvic fin a he bites the female(kinky). The unborn young are ovoviviparous, meaning,, they are nourished by the egg yolk in their mother's body. Stingrays are commonly known for having a greyish brown color and that is to camouflage themselves on the ocean floor. Their tails are used to sense the electrical pulses that their prey gives off, sorta like echolocation for a bat.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15o0lUOJLYc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRjGs7vAmlE
Skate fish/Skate(Internal)
Males use claspers, a structure attached to the pelvic fins. These claspers allow the male to direct his semen into the female's cloaca.
Salmon
Salmon fertilize externally. The female makes a hole in the gravel and lays her eggs, then the male releases the milt(sperm) through an opening right in front of their anal fin,mixing the milt ad eggs. Once they have mixed the eggs are fertilized
- Food-web
OK then, starting from us, humans. We eat crabs, clams, oysters, sea urchins, and snails. The snail eats algae, sea urchins, and phtyoplankton. Whelks eat clam and oysters while crabs eat sea urchins. Oysters, limpets, and sea urchins eat algae. Crabs, krills, clams and brittle star eat phytoplankton.
- The Quantity of Light
The littoral zone, as mentioned before, is the near the shore area where sunlight penetrates all the way through the sediment and allows the aquatic plants to grow. To answer the thingy, yes.
This is a dumb question, but, I'm required to answer it. So,,,, oui
- Range of Temperature
The weather in the littoral zone areas can be extreme. The air and water temperature can range from extremely hot to below freezing to moderate. The average range of temperature is typically around 75℉ to 102℉.
- Composition of the Soil
The soil type can vary, sand, small rocks, big rocks, and even rare types of dirt. It all depends on what type of littoral zone you're in or talking about. There's the Black Zone, the Periwinkle Zone, the Barnacle Zone, the Rockweed zone, the Irish Moss zone, and the Kelp Zone.
- Galapago Islands
- Darwin Finches
Darwin finches, or their scientific name for finch, Fringillidae, are native to the Galapagos Islands. They are known for their diverse beak shapes. This an adaptation that they have so they can utilize different food resources like, insects, seeds, nectar and other such things.
They are small birds, typically measuring between 4 and 6 inches. They usually have round heads with triangle shaped beaks and round or elongated bodies.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s64Y8sVYfFY
The majority of puffer fish are toxic, and are among the most toxic vertebrates in the world. The male puffer fish spends 24 hours a day, for almost a week, working hard to create a symmetrical pattern in the sand to attract the females. It's usually 2 m in diameter and if the female is content she'll lay her eggs in the center. After that, the male comes around and fertilizes the eggs externally. The female vanishes and the male stays for six days, guarding the eggs. One thing that the puffer fish is is known for is it's ability to inflate itself, hence the name, puffer fish. It's quite a simple defense mechanism, it inflates itself into double it's size so it is harder to consume, and it has spines making it less...appetizing to the predator.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQr8xDk_UaY
Stingray
Male stingrays impregnate the female stingray by internal fertilization. The male has a modified pelvic fin a he bites the female(kinky). The unborn young are ovoviviparous, meaning,, they are nourished by the egg yolk in their mother's body. Stingrays are commonly known for having a greyish brown color and that is to camouflage themselves on the ocean floor. Their tails are used to sense the electrical pulses that their prey gives off, sorta like echolocation for a bat.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15o0lUOJLYc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRjGs7vAmlE
Skate fish/Skate(Internal)
Males use claspers, a structure attached to the pelvic fins. These claspers allow the male to direct his semen into the female's cloaca.
Salmon
Salmon fertilize externally. The female makes a hole in the gravel and lays her eggs, then the male releases the milt(sperm) through an opening right in front of their anal fin,mixing the milt ad eggs. Once they have mixed the eggs are fertilized
OK then, starting from us, humans. We eat crabs, clams, oysters, sea urchins, and snails. The snail eats algae, sea urchins, and phtyoplankton. Whelks eat clam and oysters while crabs eat sea urchins. Oysters, limpets, and sea urchins eat algae. Crabs, krills, clams and brittle star eat phytoplankton.
This is a dumb question, but, I'm required to answer it. So,,,, oui
The weather in the littoral zone areas can be extreme. The air and water temperature can range from extremely hot to below freezing to moderate. The average range of temperature is typically around 75℉ to 102℉.
The soil type can vary, sand, small rocks, big rocks, and even rare types of dirt. It all depends on what type of littoral zone you're in or talking about. There's the Black Zone, the Periwinkle Zone, the Barnacle Zone, the Rockweed zone, the Irish Moss zone, and the Kelp Zone.
Stingray
Male stingrays impregnate the female stingray by internal fertilization. The male has a modified pelvic fin a he bites the female(kinky). The unborn young are ovoviviparous, meaning,, they are nourished by the egg yolk in their mother's body. Stingrays are commonly known for having a greyish brown color and that is to camouflage themselves on the ocean floor. Their tails are used to sense the electrical pulses that their prey gives off, sorta like echolocation for a bat.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15o0lUOJLYc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gRjGs7vAmlE
Skate fish/Skate(Internal)
Males use claspers, a structure attached to the pelvic fins. These claspers allow the male to direct his semen into the female's cloaca.
Salmon
Salmon fertilize externally. The female makes a hole in the gravel and lays her eggs, then the male releases the milt(sperm) through an opening right in front of their anal fin,mixing the milt ad eggs. Once they have mixed the eggs are fertilized
- Food-web
OK then, starting from us, humans. We eat crabs, clams, oysters, sea urchins, and snails. The snail eats algae, sea urchins, and phtyoplankton. Whelks eat clam and oysters while crabs eat sea urchins. Oysters, limpets, and sea urchins eat algae. Crabs, krills, clams and brittle star eat phytoplankton.
- The Quantity of Light
This is a dumb question, but, I'm required to answer it. So,,,, oui
- Range of Temperature
The weather in the littoral zone areas can be extreme. The air and water temperature can range from extremely hot to below freezing to moderate. The average range of temperature is typically around 75℉ to 102℉.
- Composition of the Soil
The soil type can vary, sand, small rocks, big rocks, and even rare types of dirt. It all depends on what type of littoral zone you're in or talking about. There's the Black Zone, the Periwinkle Zone, the Barnacle Zone, the Rockweed zone, the Irish Moss zone, and the Kelp Zone.
- Galapago Islands
- Darwin Finches
They are small birds, typically measuring between 4 and 6 inches. They usually have round heads with triangle shaped beaks and round or elongated bodies.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s64Y8sVYfFY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s64Y8sVYfFY
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