jah tundra
Tundra Ecosystems
Temperatures in the Tundra never rise above 10o C (50oF) during the summer.
Polar climates like the tundra are very cold temperatures and generally dry condition.
The tundra climate region occurs between 60° and 75° of latitude, mostly along the Arctic coast of North America and Eurasia and on the coastal margins of Greenland.
The tundra is located at the top of the world, near the North Pole.
The arctic tundra can be found in the northern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. Sadly, the arctic tundra is shrinking as a result of climate change; the increasing temperatures are causing the permafrost to melt.
Approximately 1,700 species of plants live on the Arctic tundra, including flowering plants, dwarf shrubs, herbs, grasses, mosses, and lichens.Despite all the harsh conditions on the tundra, there is diversity. You can find 1700 kinds of plants on the tundra, most of which are mosses and lichens. There are four hundred types of flowers, such as foliose lichen and crustose.
The types of animals that live in the Tundra are elk,marmots,mountain goats,pikas, sheep,
grouse-like birds, beetles, butterflies, grasshoppers, and spring-tails all live in the Tundra Ecosystem.
So the grass is eaten by herbivores like Pikas, Musk ox, etc... then the herbivores are eaten by carnivores or omnivores like Arctic foxes or Brown Bears. Then those Arctic Foxes are eaten by Arctic wolves, and Polar Bears. Then the polar bears and wolves they get eaten by us humans. Then the bacteria/fungi will bring the dead animals, plants, humans back down to the bottom of the chain and restart the whole food chain.
Quantity of water
In areas of tundra closer to oceans or large bodies of water, the precipitation can measure up to 20 inches per year.
Range of temperature
The Arctic tundra temperature ranges from 10 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit. Winter temperatures can reach -30 to -50 degrees Fahrenheit.In areas of tundra closer to oceans or large bodies of water, the precipitation can measure up to 20 inches per year.Quantity of light
Summers in the Arctic tundra are short -- only 50 to 60 days -- but around the solstice, the sun shines 24 hours or nearly 24 hours a day. At that time, the tundra can receive as much solar energy as some tropical areas.Composition of soil
Tundra soils are formed at high latitudes. It is usually very cold in the tundra. Tundra soils are generally frozen, and are classified as Gelisols (think Gelato!). In order to be a Gelisol, permafrost needs to be within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Arctic Fox
The arctic fox is dark gray to brown to bluish-brown in the summer. In the winter, its fur is white or creamy white. It has a long bushy tail, a short nose, and small curled back ears. ... Its short legs and nose, thick fur, and small ears are adaptations that help it survive in cold climates.
Arctic foxes are monogamous and usually mate for life. Mating occurs from April to July, births take place from April through June for the first litter, and July or August for the second litter. The average gestation period is about 49-57 days. ... He mates with the female a few weeks after the first litter is born.
Pikas
American pikas are small, rodent-like mammals. Pikas have short, stout bodies with big, round ears and do not have a visible tail. Pikas reach a size of about seven to eight inches (18 to 20 centimeters) in length. ... American pikas are found above the tree line in alpine terrain.
Reproduction: The Pikas mating season is from April to July. They may breed twice a year depending on their location. The gestation period is thirty days long (one month). Pika's will give birth to a litter of 2-5 young
Mosses reproduce by spores, which are analogous to the flowering plant's seed; however, moss spores are single celled and more primitive than the seed. Spores are housed in the brown capsule that sits on the seta. ... Pieces of the moss body can break off, move by wind or water, and start a new plant if moisture permits.
Black Worm Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction is most commonly by fragmentation. That is, worms simply break apart and each fragment becomes a new worm by growing a new head and/or tail. ... Feeding and Digestion: Worms eat dead and decaying vegetation such as submerged leaves and wood, as well as small organisms, such as algae, bacteria, and protozoa
Wasp Asexual Reproduction
Most species of social female and male wasps mate once a year. After mating, female wasps hibernate in the ground or in an enclosed space until the winter passes. ... In the spring, a fertilized female wasp starts her colony by laying eggs in cell-like pods. Larvae hatche from the eggs and are fed by the female
Snowy Owl Internal Reproduction
Owls lay between one and thirteen eggs, depending on the species and also on the particular season; for most, however, three or four is the more common number. ... Owl chicks hatch with the aid of an Egg Tooth - a unique protrusion on the beak, common to all birds, which drops off a week or two after hatching.Polar bear External Reproduction
Breeding takes place from March to June on the sea ice, but most occurs during April and May. ... Females breed about once every three years; therefore, there are about three adult males to every breeding female. Before mating, a female polar bear may be accompanied by several males.
Arctic Hare Internal Reproduction
Mating pairs establish territories of their own. Males will sometimes mate with more than one female in a season. Mating season for arctic hares is in the spring, usually during April and May. After a gestation period of around 50 days, the young hares, called leverets, are born in the late spring or early summer.
Cod External Reproduction
Atlantic cod reproduce during a 1- to 2-month spawning season annually. Males and females aggregate in spawning schools and each spawning season yields an average of 8.3 egg batches. Females release gametes in a ventral mount, and males then fertilize the released eggs.
Another amazing adaptation they have is that they use the fibers from the top white fluffy leaf to trap solar heat to keep them warm when it is cold. Narrow leaves help reduce transpiration. They are low to the ground so during the winter the snow covers the plant and helps insulate it.
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Polar Bear Adaption
A white appearance - As they camouflage from prey on the snow and ice.
Thick layers of fat and fur - For insulation against the cold.
A small surface area to volume ratio - To minimize heat loss.
A greasy coat that sheds water after swimming - To help reduce heat loss.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zRGzlWqce4
Snowy Owl Adaption
Owls have many adaptations for their life in the forest. They have totally silent flight from fringed flight feathers that muffle the sound of air passing through their feathers. This helps them sneak up on prey. Their excellent hearing allows them to sense small prey rustling in the leaves on the ground.
Arctic Wolf Adaption
- Small ears to reduce their surface area to volume ratio (anatomical) - Compared to other the grey wolf and other subspecies, arctic wolves have proportionally smaller ears. ...
- Thick camouflaged seasonal fur (anatomical) - The coat of the arctic wolf is always thick and highly insulating.
Moss Adaptation
- Moss has adapted to life on land by having a thick cell wall that provides support.
Couldn't find the video :C
Cotton Grass Adaptation
Videos were boring >:C
Arctic Poppy
The white colour of the white arctic poppies is an adaptation because it camouflages with the arctic environment that it lives in. An adaptation for this plant is it moving to where the sun is so it could get heat from the sun.
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Plant videos are boring :/
Animal Adaptations in Galapagos Island
The normal name is: Sally lightfoot crab
The Scientific name is: Grapsus grapsus
The Adaptations are:
- Their claws are extremely powerful, they allow them to rip apart the flesh of dead organisms more efficiently [1]
Characteristics Of the Sally Crab
The Galapagos sally lightfoot crab has a typical crab shape and five pairs of legs. The body of this crab is very colorful, and most adult crabs can be pink, red, brown or yellow in color. Young crabs usually are more muted in color. It is one of the most commonly found crabs on the western coast of the Americas.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TrDCUHZdpU
Mass Extinctions Eras
Blastoid Description
Name: Blastoid
Era/Period: It existed near the Middle Ordovician to the Late Permian periods.
Country: The blastoid came from western and southwestern Illinois also in Randolph County, and in southern Illinois near the Ohio River.
Characteristics: The blastoid was protected by a set of interlocking plates of calcium carbonate which was the main part of the body.
Extinction: Blastoid lived until the end of the Permian.
Velociraptor Description
Name: Velociraptor
Era/Period: Velociraptors lived in Asia.They lived in a place that was hot and covered by sand dunes. Their era was the Cretaceous Period.
Characteristics: Its sleek body was lightweight and built for speed, making it an effective predator. Its head was long and narrow, its snout was somewhat flattened,it had a fairly large brain.
Extinction: It got extinct because it was perished when a comet / asteroid struck the Earth at the time.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCwlCp1AC6Y
Passenger Pigeon
Name: Passenger Pigeon
Era/Period: It's era was Cenozoic era/ period.
Characteristics: Its height was 15.4 to 16.1 in length. It had iridescent bronze feathers on the neck, and black spots on the wings.
Extinction: It got extinct because it's population was decreasing fast in just 50 years its population went to a billion to zero.
Megalodon
Age: It was approximately 23 to 3.6 million years in the age range.
Discovered/Unearthed: Scientists have studied megalodon teeth that were found in Africa, North America, South America, India, Australia, Japan, and Europe. Based on the locations that these teeth were unearthed, it is the belief that they thrived in the world's warmer waters.
Excavated: The first attempt to reconstruct the jaw of megalodon was made by Bashford Dean in 1909, it is displayed at the American Museum of Natural History.
Info: The evidence that the fossil showed is that they lived in our oceans from about 20 million years ago to about 3 million years ago. Reaching lengths of up to 60-70 feet and an estimated maximum weight of over 60 tons, the Megalodon is the largest known predator in Earth's history.
Archaeoptery
Age:150.8 million years ago - 125.45 million years ago
Discovered/Unearthed: Archaeopteryx was first discovered in 1860 or 1861, when a solitary feather was unearthed from a limestone deposits near Solnhofen, Germany.
Excavated: The extinct creature was discovered in 1861 by the paleontologist Christian Erick Hermann von Meyer in Solnhofen.
Info: Paleontologists view Archaeopteryx as a transitional fossil between dinosaurs and modern birds. With its blend of avian and reptilian features, it was long viewed as the earliest known bird.
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